Toluene methylation with transalkylation of heavy aromatics

ABSTRACT

A method of producing a purified mixed xylene comprising: introducing toluene and methanol to an alkylation reactor; reacting the toluene and the methanol in the alkylation reactor to form a hydrocarbon stream comprising a first mixed xylene, wherein the alkylation reactor comprises an alkylation catalyst; separating the hydrocarbon stream into a toluene stream and a separated C 8+  stream; introducing the toluene stream to a transalkylation reactor with a transalkylation catalyst to produce a transalkylated stream comprising a second mixed xylene; adding the transalkylated stream to the hydrocarbon stream; and separating a C 8  product stream comprising the purified mixed xylene from the separated C 8+  stream.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser.No. 14/022,643 filed Sep. 10, 2013. The related application isincorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to toluene methylation withtransalkylation of heavy aromatics for preparing xylene product.

BACKGROUND

Descriptions of units, abbreviation, terminology, etc. used throughoutthe present disclosure are summarized in Table 1.

Aromatic compounds can be alkylated to form different alkylated aromaticproducts. One that has particular value is para-xylene (also referred toas p-xylene). Para-xylene is a valuable substituted aromatic compounddue to its great demand of approximately 30 million metric tons per yearfor further oxidation to terephthalic acid, a major component in formingpolyester fibers and resins. Commercially, para-xylene is generallyproduced by one of two methods. The first and most prominent, from whichmore than about 80% of the para-xylene is derived, involveshydrotreating of naphtha (catalytic reforming) and/or steam cracking ofnaphtha or gas oil. The second method, from which more than about 15% ofthe para-xylene is derived, involves toluene disproportionation (TDP) toproduce benzene and mixed xylene (it is noted that mixed xylenecomprises o-, m-, and p-xylene), where the p-xylene is generally presentin an amount of about 20 to 25% based on the total xylene. In a shapeselective toluene disproportionation (also known as STDP) p-xylenecontent in mixed xylene can be greater than 80%, specifically, greaterthan or equal to 90%, more specifically, greater than or equal to 95%.Para-xylene can then be further separated from mixed xylene produced bycatalytic reforming or naphtha cracking or toluene disproportionation.

Alkylation of toluene with methanol, which is also known as toluenemethylation, has been used in laboratory studies to produce mixedxylene. Generally, a thermodynamic equilibrium mixture of o-, m-, andp-xylene can be formed from the methylation of toluene, as isillustrated by the following reaction:

When a shape selective catalyst, such as a modified ZSM-5 zeolitecatalyst is used for toluene methylation, the reaction can produce mixedxylene with the p-xylene isomer being greater than or equal to 80%.However, the byproducts of toluene methylation, including C₉₊ aromaticsare produced due to secondary alkylation of xylene and alkylation oftoluene with C₂₊ compounds. Such C₉₊ aromatic byproducts are lessvaluable than the xylene and such byproduct formation can make thetoluene methylation commercially unattractive. Furthermore, there are anumber of technical hurdles (e.g., catalyst deactivation, low methanolselectivity) for toluene alkylation to be commercially attractive and animproved method of preparation of mixed xylene is desirable.

SUMMARY

Disclosed herein are methods of producing mixed xylene.

In an embodiment, a method of producing a purified mixed xylenecomprises: introducing toluene and methanol to an alkylation reactor;reacting the toluene and the methanol in the alkylation reactor to forma hydrocarbon stream comprising a first mixed xylene, wherein thealkylation reactor comprises an alkylation catalyst; separating thehydrocarbon stream into a toluene stream and a separated C₈₊ stream;introducing the toluene stream to a transalkylation reactor with atransalkylation catalyst to produce a transalkylated stream comprising asecond mixed xylene; adding the transalkylated stream to the hydrocarbonstream; and separating a C₈ product stream comprising the purified mixedxylene from the separated C₈₊ stream.

The foregoing and other features of the present disclosure will be morereadily apparent from the following detailed description and drawings ofthe illustrative embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Refer now to the figures, which are exemplary embodiments, and whereinthe like elements are numbered alike.

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a method of producing mixed xylene;

FIG. 2 is a graphical illustration of toluene methylation over the shapeselective catalyst of Example 1; and

FIG. 3 is a graphical illustration of toluene methylation over the shapeselective catalyst of Example 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

TABLE 1 Abbreviation Description C₈ molecule(s) with 8 carbon atoms C₈₊molecule(s) with 8 or more carbon atoms C₉ molecule(s) with 9 carbonatoms C₉₊ molecule(s) with 9 or more carbon atoms C₁₀₊ molecule(s) with10 or more carbon atoms $ US dollars p-xylene para-xylene m-xylenemeta-xylene o-xylene ortho-xylene mixed xylene mixture of o-, m- andp-xylene xylene mixture of o-, m- and p-xylene % percent Å angstrom ° C.degrees Celsius cm centimeter cc/g cubic centimeters per gram GHSV gashourly space velocity h hour HOS hours on stream kg/h kilogram/hour kPakilo Pascal L liters MM million m²/g meters squared per gram mol % molepercent MPa mega Pascal ppm parts per million by weight psig pounds persquare inch gauge SAR silica to alumina mole ratio sccm standard cubiccentimeter per minute TA transalkylation TM toluene methylation WHSVweight hourly space velocity wt % weight percent

Commercial production of mixed xylene (from which p-xylene can beseparated) via toluene alkylation can be unattractive due to a number oftechnical hurdles, for example, due to byproduction of less valuable C₉₊compounds (i.e., aromatic compounds having 9 or more carbon atoms, alsoreferred to herein as C₉₊ aromatics). Examples of C₉ aromatic compoundsinclude trimethylbenzene (TMB) (e.g., one or more of1,2,3-trimethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and1,3,5-trimethylbenzene), ethyltoluene (e.g., one or more of2-ethyltoluene, 3-ethyltoluene, and 4-ethyltoluene), n-propylbenzene,and so on. Examples of C₁₀ aromatics include isomers oftetramethylbenzene and the like. Also, the toluene feedstock can containC₉₊ aromatics that require additional processing (e.g., separation,etc.). The Applicants therefore developed a commercially attractiveprocess by which mixed xylene can be prepared by toluene alkylation. Theprocess includes a transalkylation process of the C₉₊ compounds withunconverted toluene to produce mixed xylene. Specifically, the processinvolves alkylating toluene with an alkylating agent in an alkylationreactor containing an alkylation catalyst that can be a shape selectivecatalyst; separating out water, unconverted alkylating agent, andoxygenates from the unconverted toluene and alkylated products; andtransalkylating (also referred to as disproportionating) any C₉₊aromatics with at least a portion of the unconverted toluene in atransalkylation reactor containing a transalkylation catalyst. The C₉₊aromatics can arise from, for example, formation as byproduct in thealkylation reactor and/or impurities in toluene feedstock or can besupplied from another source.

The present process changes the paradigm for producing the xylene,particularly by alkylation of toluene. Previously, focus has been onimproving product selectivity at the expense of toluene conversion;minimizing the production of less valuable C₉₊ aromatic byproducts. Assuch, a catalyst with selectivity for mixed xylene of, for example,greater than 95% (based on toluene conversion) was needed for acommercially viable toluene methylation process.

The present process, however, does not negatively impact the mixedxylene production from the production of heavy aromatics, such as C₉₊aromatics, in the alkylation reactor, or the presence of C₉₊ aromaticsas toluene feed impurities. Actually, the process can benefit from thecheaper C₉₊ aromatics present in alkylation feed or its production inthe alkylation reactor since the product selectivity is less stringent.A selectivity for mixed xylene of greater than or equal to 70 molepercent (mol %), specifically, greater than or equal to 80 mol %, morespecifically, greater than or equal to 85 mol %, even more specifically,greater than or equal to 90 mol %, still more specifically, greater thanor equal to 95 mol % resulting in a selectivity for C₉₊ aromatics lessthan or equal to 30 mol %, specifically, less than or equal to 20 mol %,more specifically, less than or equal to 15 mol %, even morespecifically, less than or equal to 10 mol %, still more specifically,less than or equal to 5 mol % is acceptable. Actually, this process evenallows a selectivity for mixed xylene of less than or equal to 75 mol %.Therefore, the toluene conversion can be significantly increased byusing a more active catalyst, which can be less selective for alkylationreaction or by using severe alkylation conditions. Furthermore, sincethe C₉₊ aromatics are subsequently reacted with toluene to produceadditional mixed xylene, the C₉₊ aromatic products and any that may bepresent in the toluene feedstock are actually beneficial in the presentprocess. This is particularly beneficial when the toluene feedstockcontains C₉₊ aromatics as impurities that remain unconverted and arepresent in the toluene methylation reactor product stream. A toluenefeedstock containing greater than or equal to 10 wt %, specifically,greater than or equal to 15 wt %, more specifically, greater than orequal to 20 wt %, still more specifically, greater than or equal to 30wt % C₉₊ aromatics (based upon a total weight of the toluene feedstock)can be now suitable for toluene methylation. Hence, the toluene feedstream can contain 0 to greater than or equal to 30 wt % C₉₊ aromatics(e.g., greater than or equal to 10 wt % C₉₊ aromatics, etc.).

As mentioned above, it was found that in the present method of producingmixed xylene that the alkylation catalyst could comprise a low selectivealkylation catalyst, with a mixed xylene selectivity of less than orequal to 95 mol %, specifically, less than or equal to 85 mol %, morespecifically, less than or equal to 70 mol % to achieve a high tolueneconversion to mixed xylene. Specifically, the present method ofproducing xylene using a shape selective alkylation catalyst can resultin greater than or equal to 1.09 g mixed xylene per gram of tolueneconverted at 95 mol % selectivity and/or less than or equal to 0.07 g ofC₉₊ aromatics per gram of toluene converted at 95 mol % selectivity. Thepresent method of producing xylene using a shape selective alkylationcatalyst can result in greater than or equal to 0.92 g mixed xylene pergram of toluene converted at 80 mol % selectivity and/or less than orequal to 0.26 g C₉₊ aromatics per gram of toluene converted at 80 mol %selectivity. The present method can result in greater than or equal to0.81 g mixed xylene per gram of toluene converted at 70 mol %selectivity and/or 0.39 g C₉₊ aromatics per gram of toluene converted at70 mol % selectivity. The present method can result in tolueneconversion of greater than or equal to 20 wt % producing greater than orequal to 0.05 g of C₉₊ aromatics per gram of toluene converted.

Further, the toluene methylation catalyst can comprise a shape selectivecatalyst with p-xylene selectivity (mol % p-xylene in mixed xylene) ofgreater than or equal to 80 mol %, specifically, greater than or equalto 90 mol %, more specifically, greater than or equal to 95 mol %. Sucha high p-xylene concentration in the mixed xylene can be economicallyattractive for its separation.

The present method of making mixed xylene comprises a toluene alkylationfollowed by transalkylation of at least a portion of the unreactedtoluene from the toluene alkylation with C₉₊ aromatics. The C₉₊aromatics can be formed as byproduct in toluene alkylation reactorand/or obtained from a different source. The C₉₊ aromatics can bepresent as impurities in the alkylation feed and/or can be formed asbyproduct in the alkylation reactor. Additional C₉₊ can also be importedfrom other sources.

Toluene alkylation comprises adding toluene (that comprises freshtoluene and optionally recycled toluene) and an alkylating agent such asmethanol to an alkylation reactor that comprises an alkylation catalyst.The toluene feed can contain greater than or equal to 1 wt %, or greaterthan or equal to 5 wt %, specifically, greater than or equal to 10 wt %,more specifically, greater than or equal to 20 wt %, even morespecifically, greater than or equal to 30 wt % heavy aromatics such asC₉₊, based upon a total weight of the toluene feed. The toluene feed canoptionally contain one or both of water (for example as steam) and aninert gas such as hydrogen. The alkylation reaction can occur at anelevated temperature, for example, greater than or equal to 400° C.,specifically, 500 to 650° C., more specifically, 550 to 600° C. Thestream leaving the alkylation reactor can comprise unreacted toluene,unreacted methanol, hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, water, C₈compounds (such as o-, m-, and p-xylene), C₉ compounds (such astrimethylbenzene, ethyltoluene (methylethylbenzene), propylbenzene, andthe like), C₁₀₊ compounds, or a combination comprising one or more ofthe foregoing.

The transalkylation reaction involves reacting C₉₊ aromatics withtoluene (e.g., unreacted toluene from the toluene alkylation reactionand/or fresh toluene). The transalkylation reaction can occur at atemperature of greater than or equal to 100° C., specifically, 200 to700° C., more specifically, 300 to 600° C. Likewise, the temperature ofthe transalkylation reaction can be increased with time. Thetransalkylation reaction can occur at a pressure of 100 kPa to 10 MPa,specifically, 0.5 to 5 MPa. The transalkylation reaction can occur at aWHSV based on the combined feed to the transalkylation reactor of 0.1 to30 h⁻¹, specifically, 0.5 to 20 h⁻¹, more specifically, 1 to 5 h⁻¹,where WHSV is the weight of the feed charged per hour to the reactordivided by the weight of the catalyst.

Specifically, transalkylation reaction under the above conditionsresults in a decrease of toluene and C₉₊ aromatics and increase ofxylene product. Specifically, the decrease of toluene and C₉₊ aromaticscan be greater than or equal to 5%, specifically, greater than or equalto 10%, more specifically, greater than or equal to 20%, even morespecifically, greater than or equal to 30%. Consequently, by combiningtoluene methylation with transalkylation two moles of xylene can beproduced from one mole of toluene and one mole of C₉₊ aromatics.

FIG. 1 shows an illustration of a method of making mixed xylene.Specifically, hydrogen stream 1, which can be optionally combined withhydrogen recycle stream 4; toluene stream 3, which can be combined withan optional toluene recycle stream 6; and water stream 7, which can becombined with optional water recycle stream 8 are introduced to heater30. Toluene stream 3 can comprise 0 to 30 wt %, specifically, 1 to 30 wt%, more specifically, 3 to 30 wt %, even more specifically, 10 to 30 wt% of C₉₊ aromatics based on the total weight of the toluene stream.Stream 8 can contain methanol depending on methanol conversion inalkylation reactor. The heater 30 can increase the temperature of themixture to greater than or equal to 500° C., specifically, 500 to 650°C., more specifically, 550 to 600° C. Heated stream 2 can be combinedwith a methanol stream 11 that can be heated to a temperature of greaterthan or equal to 500° C., specifically, 500 to 650° C., morespecifically, 550 to 600° C. in heater 31. It is noted that heater 31could instead be, for example, a heat-exchanger. The heated stream 2 andmethanol stream 11 can be introduced as separate streams or can becombined and then introduced as alkylation stream 25 to toluenealkylation reactor 32 that comprises a methylation catalyst to producealkylated stream 10. Alkylated stream 10 can comprise unreacted toluene,unreacted methanol, hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, water, C₈compounds (such as o-, m-, and p-xylene), C₉ compounds (such astrimethylbenzene, ethyltoluene, methylethylbenzene, propylbenzene, andthe like), C₁₀₊ compounds, or a combination comprising one or more ofthe foregoing. Alkylated stream 10 can be cooled in cooler 33 to atemperature of less than or equal to 50° C., specifically, 2 to 40° C.

The cooled alkylated stream can then be added to a liquid-liquid-vapor(LLV) separator 34 that functions to separate the cooled alkylatedstream 10 into vapor stream 12, hydrocarbon stream 22, and aqueousstream 13. Vapor stream 12 can comprise hydrogen, light hydrocarbonssuch as methane, ethylene, propylene, and so on, and can be removed fromthe system, recycled, or both. Recycling all or a portion of the vaporstream 12 can recover hydrogen. For example, a first portion of vaporstream 12 can optionally be released as vapor purge 23 and the remainingportion of vapor stream 12 can be introduced to a compressor 35 for useas hydrogen recycle stream 4. The vapor purge 23 can be used to helpmaintain the olefin concentration. Aqueous stream 13 that can comprisewater and methanol can be introduced to methanol column 36, which canseparate the aqueous stream 13 into recycle water stream 8, and wastewater stream 9 that can comprise 0 to 400 ppm, specifically, 2 to 200ppm of methanol. Recycle water stream 8 can contain 0 to 10 wt %methanol. Hydrocarbon stream 22 that can comprise unconverted toluene,o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, C₉₊ compounds, and the like, or acombination comprising one or more of the foregoing, can be introducedto toluene separation column 37. The toluene separation column 37 canseparate the hydrocarbon stream 22 into separated C₈₊ stream 14 andtoluene stream 24, where a first portion of toluene stream 24 can beused as a toluene recycle stream 6. A portion of toluene recycle stream6 can be removed via benzene purge 5. Likewise, all or a portion of thetoluene stream 24 as separated toluene stream 15 can be combined with C₉stream 20 and optionally with C₉₊ stream 16 and introduced totransalkylation reactor 38. The transalkylation reactor that cancomprise a transalkylation catalyst, produces transalkylated stream 17.Transalkylated stream 17 can be combined with hydrocarbon stream 22 andcan be added to toluene separation column 37 in order to introduce morexylene into said column.

Separated C₈₊ stream 14 can be introduced to xylene separation column 39that can separate said stream into separated C₉₊ stream 18 and C₈product stream 19. Product stream 19 can comprise purified mixed xylenein an amount of greater than or equal to 85 wt % p-xylene based on thetotal amount of mixed xylene. Product stream 19, containing a highconcentration of p-xylene in mixed xylene, is further processed toseparate p-xylene by, for example, adsorption or crystallizationtechnology. Separated C₉₊ stream 18 can be introduced to C₉ separationcolumn 40 to separate the stream into C₉ stream 20 and C₁₀₊ stream 21.

Toluene alkylation occurs in the alkylation reactor in the presence ofan alkylation catalyst. The alkylation catalyst can be any catalystcapable of performing the alkylation of toluene producing mixed xyleneand having a selectivity of greater than or equal to 70 mol %,specifically, greater than or equal to 80 mol % and, an activity oftoluene conversion greater than or equal to 20%. Herein, selectivityrefers to mixed xylene selectivity and refers to percent mixed xylene intotal aromatics formed.

The alkylation catalyst can comprise a high selectivity alkylationcatalyst, where high selectivity refers to a mixed xylene selectivity ofgreater than or equal to 70 mol %, specifically, greater than or equalto 80 mol %, more specifically, greater than or equal to 90 mol %. Byvarying the alkylation catalyst or alkylation conditions such asincreasing partial pressure of alkylating agent (e.g., increasingmethanol/toluene ratio) the toluene conversion can be increased. Such anincrease of toluene conversion can result in an increase of C₉₊aromatics formation and ultimately in a decrease in mixed xyleneselectivity.

The alkylation catalyst can be a zeolite catalyst. The zeolite can beany of a number of zeolites, where zeolites are crystallinealuminosilicates with a three-dimensional framework containing silica(SiO₄) and alumina (AlO₄) tetrahedra, and can be naturally occurring orsynthesized. In general, the zeolite framework contains channels andinterconnected voids or pores, which can be occupied by cations andwater molecules. Depending on the size and geometry of the pores andchannels, zeolites can be classified as small, medium, or large porezeolites, and also as one, two, or three-dimensional pore structurezeolites.

The zeolite can be from a family of pentasil zeolites that contain fivemembered ring units or pentasil units in the framework structure. Suchzeolites include ZSM-5, ZSM-11, ZSM-23, ferrierite, mordenite, and soon. Silicalite, which contains an isotypic framework of ZSM-5 can alsobe included. Specifically, the zeolite can be a pentasil zeolite, whichcontains 10-membered ring pore openings in the structure. Zeolites withthe 10-membered pore openings are also known as medium pore zeolites.Examples of such pentasil zeolite containing 10-membered ring poreopenings or medium pore are ZSM-5, ZSM-11, silicalite, etc.

The zeolite can be ZSM-5 or MFI (International Zeolite Associationnomenclature of ZSM-5). The ZSM-5 zeolite has two-dimensional porestructure with straight channels (5.4 Å×5.6 Å), which are intersected bysinusoidal channels (5.1 Å×5.7 Å) with a maximum diameter of 9 Å at theintersection. The ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts and their preparation aredescribed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,702,886. Such ZSM-5 zeolitesare aluminosilicates that contain both silicon and aluminum in thecrystalline structure. ZSM-11 is another pentasil aluminosilicatezeolite that is similar to ZSM-5.

The starting zeolite can be an NH₄ ⁺ or H⁺ form. It can optionallycontain up to trace levels of other cations (wherein a trace level isless than or equal to 0.5 wt % based upon the total weight of thezeolite).

The alkylation catalyst can be a shape selective zeolite catalyst thatproduces para-xylene at significantly greater, for example greater thanor equal to 300% greater, than equilibrium concentration of p-xylene inthe mixed xylene by reaction of toluene and methanol, hereinafter calledtoluene methylation. Such shape selective catalysts are often zeolitecatalysts, particularly medium pore zeolites, such as ZSM-5 zeolite.Herein, the term “shape selective catalyst” also refers as p-xyleneselective catalyst. Non-limiting examples of suitable p-xylene selectivecatalysts, can include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,060,864;7,084,318; 7,105,713; 7,196,237; 7,244,869; 7,279,608; 7,285,511;7,304,194; 7,368,410; 7,399,727; 7,446,069; 7,507,685; 7,560,608;7,576,026; 7,629,498; 7,625,793; 7,662,737; 7,674,942; 7,713,898;8,062,987; and 8,115,041.

The p-xylene selective catalyst can be a phosphorus-containing zeolite,which can be a medium pore zeolite such as a ZSM-5 zeolite, that isbound with an inorganic binder and has at least two ³¹P MAS NMR peakswith at maxima at 0 to −55 ppm, with at least one ³¹P MAS NMR peakhaving a maximum at −40 to −50 ppm. Such catalysts, their preparation,and use are described in detail in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,368,410; 7,507,685;and 7,674,942.

The phosphorus-containing zeolite can be prepared by treating thezeolite with a phosphorus-containing compound. The zeolite can be amedium pore zeolite, such as a ZSM-5 zeolite. The zeolite can includethose having a SiO₂/Al₂O₃ molar ratio of greater than or equal to 25,specifically, greater than or equal to 50, more specifically, greaterthan or equal to 100, even more specifically, greater than or equal to200, still more specifically 200 to 500, prior to modification. Thestarting ZSM-5 zeolite can be an NH₄ ⁺ or H⁺ form and can contain tracesof other cations.

The phosphorus-containing compounds can include, but are not limited to,phosphonic, phosphinous, phosphorus and phosphoric acids, salts andesters of such acids and phosphorous halides. For example, phosphoricacid (H₃PO₄), ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH₄H₂PO₄) and ammoniumhydrogen phosphate ((NH₄)₂HPO₄) can be used as the phosphorus-containingcompound to provide a catalyst for toluene methylation with shapeselective properties to provide increased p-xylene selectivity. Suchmodified catalysts can contain phosphorus (P) in an amount of 0.01 to0.15 g P/g zeolite, more specifically, 0.02 to 0.13 g P/g zeolite, morespecifically, 0.07 g P/g zeolite to 0.12 g P/g zeolite, and still morespecifically 0.09 g P/g zeolite to 0.11 g P/g zeolite. After phosphorustreatment, the phosphorus-treated zeolite can be dried.

The phosphorus treatment of the zeolite can be carried out by varioustechniques, such as slurry evaporation, wet incipient methods, and/orspray-dry methods. In slurry evaporation, phosphorus can be incorporatedinto the zeolite by preparing a slurry of the zeolite and an aqueoussolution of the phosphorus compound. Heating of the slurry can be usedto facilitate treatment of the zeolite and to evaporate liquids. Heatingof the slurry can occur at temperatures of greater than or equal to 25°C., specifically, 70 to 100° C. The slurry can also be stirred oragitated during this step to ensure uniform treatment.

The evaporation of the liquid from the zeolite slurry can bealternatively, or additionally, achieved by using a spray-dry technique.In the wet incipient method, an aqueous solution of the phosphoruscompound is added, such as by spraying, to the dry zeolite withoutforming a slurry. The dry zeolite, which can be initially in the form ofa powder, can be mixed with the phosphorus compound or its aqueoussolution. Water can be added to the mixture of zeolite powder andphosphorus containing compound or its solution to facilitate uniforminteraction between them.

The phosphorus treated zeolite can be calcined using a temperatureprofile, e.g., with a maximum temperature of 400 to 700° C. Optionally,the phosphorus zeolite can be heated at a temperature of 300° C. orhigher prior to binding and then the treated zeolite can be bound with asuitable binder, as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,368,410.Calcining can take place over time, typically several minutes to onehour or more, specifically, 30 minutes to 10 hours, more specifically,30 minutes to 5 hours. Calcining can take place for greater than orequal to 30 minutes, specifically, greater than or equal to 5 hours,more specifically, greater than or equal to 10 hours. Calcining can alsotake place by gradually increasing the temperature over time.

In certain embodiments, the p-xylene selective catalyst is a P-modifiedZSM-5 zeolite contains an insignificant amount of tetrahedral/structuralAl in the zeolite framework showing a weak ²⁷Al MAS NMR peak at around50 ppm, but the catalyst contains “debris” or extra-framework aluminum(EFWAl) inside the zeolite pores and channels showing a strong ²⁷Al MASNMR peak at around −14 ppm. The ratio of the framework aluminum overextra framework aluminum for the P-treated zeolite catalyst can be 0.12to 0.25 (for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,285,511).

After the heating step, as discussed above, the phosphorus-modifiedzeolite can then be bound with a suitable binder. Suitable bindermaterials can include inorganic oxide materials. Examples of suchmaterials include alumina, clay, aluminum phosphate, silica andsilica-alumina. In particular, a binder of alumina, silica-alumina orclay or their combinations are particularly useful. The bound catalystcan contain from 1 to 99 wt %, specifically, 10 to 50 wt % binder basedon the total weight of bound catalyst.

To form the bound catalyst, the binder material can be combined with thephosphorus-modified zeolite to form an extrudable mixture. Afterbinding, the phosphorus-modified zeolite bound with the binder can becalcined or heated at a temperature of greater than or equal to 400° C.or higher, more specifically, 450 to 700° C. Such heating can be carriedout for 0.5 hours or more to form the bound catalyst. It has beendiscovered that heating the P-treated ZSM-5 at a temperature of greaterthan or equal to 300° C. and then binding the zeolite with a suitablebinder, as described herein, can result in the bound zeolite exhibitingmultiple P-species, as shown by ³¹P MAS NMR peaks.

The catalyst can be activated by first drying at a temperature of 100 to250° C. for 0.5 to 3 hours under flow of an inert gas such as H₂ of 50to 500 sccm. The activation can occur at greater than or equal toatmospheric pressure, specifically, at greater than or equal to 50 psig,more specifically, at greater than or equal to 100 psig.

Optionally, the catalyst can be steamed prior to use for the catalyticreactions. The catalyst can be steamed at a temperature of 200 to 600°C., specifically 200 to 400° C., e.g., for a period of more than 0.5,e.g., a period of 1 to 10 h, before using the catalyst in any reaction.The steaming can be carried out in-situ or ex-situ of the reactor. Thecatalyst can be steamed at mild temperatures. Methods for steaming atmild temperatures are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.7,304,194.

Furthermore, the shape selective alkylation catalyst can contain ahydrogenating metal such as platinum, nickel, palladium, and the like.The resulting zeolite catalyst can have shape selective propertiesshowing greater than or equal to 80 mol %, specifically, greater than orequal to 90 mol %, more specifically, greater than or equal to 95 mol %para-xylene selectivity for toluene methylation reaction. Such acatalyst shows stable catalyst performance showing little or no declinein toluene conversion with reaction time.

The hydrogenating metal containing shape selective catalyst can requirecatalyst activation step including first drying at a temperature of 100to 250° C. for 0.5 to 3 hours under flow of a reducing gas of 50 to 500sccm and then heating at a temperature of 250 to 600° C. for 0.5 to 5hours under flow of a reducing gas of 50 to 500 sccm. The activation canoccur at greater than or equal to atmospheric pressure, specifically, atgreater than or equal to 50 psig, more specifically, at greater than orequal to 100 psig. Optionally, the catalyst can be steamed prior to usefor the catalytic reactions as described earlier.

Transalkylation of heavy aromatics such as C₉ aromatics with tolueneoccurs in a transalkylation reactor or in a reaction zone in thepresence of a transalkylation catalyst under transalkylation reactionconditions. The transalkylation catalyst can be any catalyst that cansuccessfully convert the aromatics to C₈ aromatics, for example xylene.The transalkylation catalyst can comprise a metal component and anacidic component. The metal component can be any metal that has ahydrogenation functionality, and it can be any noble metal orcombinations of other metals. The acidic component can be non-zeolite orzeolite. Zeolite can be any zeolite including crystallinealuminosilicate such as zeolite beta, zeolite Y, mordenite, and thelike. An example of a transalkylation catalyst is a mordenite zeolitehaving a silica alumina (molar) ratio (SAR) of greater than or equal to40:1 that can be prepared by dealuminating the zeolite by steaming oracid treatment of mordenite having an initial SAR of 12:1 to 30:1 andoptionally a metal component (such as copper, silver, and zirconium. Thetransalkylation catalyst can comprise a binder or matrix. Examplesinclude inorganic oxides such as alumina, magnesia, zirconia, chromia,titania, boria, thoria, phosphate, zinc oxide, silica, and the like.

The transalkylation catalyst can comprise a metal component that hashydrogenation function such as a Groups 8-10 metal, specifically, aGroup 10 metal that can be deposited on the catalyst via, for example,impregnation. The metal component can be present for example as a metaloxide, a metal sulfide, a metal halide, a metal oxyhalide, or as theelemental metal. The metal component can be present in a catalyticallyactive amount, for example, the transalkylation catalyst can comprise0.01 to 10 wt %, specifically, 0.01 to 2 wt % based on the total weightof the catalyst. Likewise, the transalkylation catalyst can comprise ametal component that can be incorporated as a framework or anon-framework element such as tin, germanium, lead, indium, and thelike. These elements can be present in a catalytically active amount,where the transalkylation catalyst can comprise, for example, 0.01 to 10wt %, specifically, 0.01 to 2 wt % based on the total weight of thecatalyst.

The transalkylation catalyst can be formed into a shape. For example thetransalkylation catalyst can be formed into a cylinder (such as acylinder with a diameter of less than or equal to 0.08 cm and an aspectratio of less than or equal to 3, where the aspect ratio is defined bythe height divided by the diameter) or a shape having a tri-lobal orthree-leaf clover type cross section, with for example a maximumdiameter as defined by circumscribing an effective circle around theentire tri-lobal shape of less than or equal to 0.16 cm.

The following examples are provided to illustrate the method ofproducing mixed xylene. The examples are merely illustrative and are notintended to limit devices made in accordance with the disclosure to thematerials, conditions, or process parameters set forth therein.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Catalyst Preparation

A P-modified ZSM-5 catalyst was prepared using a NH₄-ZSM-5 zeolitepowder having a SiO₂/Al₂O₃ mole ratio of 282 by treating withP-containing compound (H₃PO₄) and then heating to a maximum temperatureof about 550° C. to form a P/ZSM-5 zeolite powder catalyst (A). Thepowder catalyst (A) was bound with 20 wt % alumina as binder andextruded to make 1/16-inch cylindrical shaped extruded catalyst. Thecatalyst was calcined or heated at a maximum temperature of about 550°C. in air for about five hours (Extruded Catalyst A).

A second P-modified ZSM-5 catalyst was prepared by using NH₄—ZSM-5zeolite powder having a SiO₂/Al₂O₃ mole ratio of 302 by treating withP-containing compound (H₃PO₄) and then heating to a maximum temperatureof about 550° C. to form a P/ZSM-5 zeolite powder catalyst (B). Thepowder catalyst (B) was bound with about 20 wt % alumina as binder andextruded to make 1/16-inch cylindrical shaped extruded catalyst. Thecatalyst was calcined or heated at a maximum temperature of about 550°C. in air for about five hours (Extruded Catalyst B).

Analyses of powder and extruded catalysts A and B are shown in Table 2.BET surface area (BET SA) and total pore volume (PV) as determined by N₂adsorption technique, for both Catalysts A and B are also shown in Table2.

TABLE 2 Elemental Analysis, wt % N₂ Adsorption Catalyst Si Al P BET SA,m²/g PV, cc/g Powder Catalyst A 36.3 0.28 8.5 168 0.12 Extruded CatalystA 29.6 9.8 7.1 205 0.16 Powder Catalyst B 35.7 0.31 8.7 199 0.13Extruded Catalyst B 29.3 9.9 7.0 200 0.16

Example 2: Toluene Methylation Over Extruded Catalyst A

Extruded Catalyst A was used in a toluene methylation reaction with areactor unit containing three reactors in series. In each of thereactors, 40 g of 1/16-inch extruded catalyst was loaded. The catalystwas dried at 200° C. under hydrogen flow (1500 sccm) for at least onehour. The catalyst was steamed by introducing water vapor (6.5 g/h) witha carrier gas of H₂ (1500 sccm) at 200° C. overnight. Reaction feed wasintroduced as follows: hydrogen rate at 3000 sccm, toluene at 90 g/h,steam at 18.5 g/h, and methanol at 6.8 g/h to the first reactor.Additional methanol feed was added to second and third reactors at 5.9g/h and 4.8 g/h, respectively. The inlet pressure for all three reactorswas adjusted to 20 psig. Catalyst bed temperature was adjusted to 530°C., 541° C., and 551° C. for first, second, and third reactors,respectively. The catalyst testing continued for more than 140 days withmultiple catalyst regenerations. The method of catalyst regeneration isdescribed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 8,115,041. After each catalystregeneration, alkylation reaction conditions were different than thosewith the fresh load of catalyst. The reaction conditions, averagedtoluene conversion, and reaction products of mixed xylene, p-xylene, andC₉₊ aromatics for fresh and regenerated catalyst are shown in Table 3,where “catalyst regen” refers to regenerated catalyst.

TABLE 3 Extruded Product, Catalyst A g per g toluene convertedRegeneration Tol/ WHSV, Mixed C₉₊ No. Run days T, ° C. P, psig MeOH h⁻¹X_(tol) xylene p-xylene Aromatics Fresh Catalyst  1-22 500-550 20 1.70.9 33.6 1.09 0.96 0.04 Regen 1 24-35 500-550 20 1.7 0.9 34.4 1.10 0.950.05 Regen 2 40-55 500-550 20 1.7 0.9 34.9 1.10 0.99 0.06 Regen 3 59-76500-550 20 1.7 0.9 35.5 1.09 0.98 0.06 Regen 4 84-90 500-550 20 1.7 0.932.0 1.11 1.03 0.05 Regen 5  94-111 500-550 20 1.7 0.9 36.2 1.09 0.970.06 Regen 6 115-132 500-550 20 1.7 0.9 35.6 1.09 0.97 0.06 Regen 7138-143 500-550 20 1.7 0.9 36.2 1.09 0.96 0.06 All data presented intable are averaged during the period. X_(tol) = % toluene conversion,Tol/MeOH = toluene to methanol molar ratio, WHSV (h⁻¹) based on tolueneand methanol feed, C₉₊ Arom = C₉₊ aromatics,

The data from Table 3 is plotted in FIG. 2 to show the grams of p-xyleneper grams of toluene converted (diamond), the grams of mixed xylene pergrams of toluene converted (triangles), the grams of C₉ produced pergrams of toluene converted (circles), and the toluene conversion(squares) with time on stream. FIG. 2 shows that the catalyst produced1.09 to 1.11 g of mixed-xylene (of which 0.95 to 1.03 g was p-xylene)and 0.04 to 0.06 g of C₉ aromatics (primarily trimethylbenzene andethyltoluene) per gram of toluene converted at toluene conversion of 34to 36% over the course of the 143 days the test was run.

Example 3: Toluene Methylation Over Extruded Catalyst B

Extruded catalyst B was used in a toluene methylation reaction with areactor unit described earlier. In each of the reactors 25 g of1/16-inch extruded catalyst was loaded. The catalyst was dried andsteamed using the same procedure and conditions as described in Example2. Reaction feed was introduced as follows: hydrogen rate at 4700 sccm,toluene at 350 g/h, steam at 73 g/h, and methanol at 15.8 g/h to the1^(st) reactor. Additional methanol feed was added to the second andthird reactors at 13.7 g/h and 11.5 g/h, respectively. The inletpressure for all three reactors was adjusted to 52 psig. Catalyst bedtemperature was adjusted to 500° C. for each of the three reactors. Thecatalyst testing continued more than 500 days with multiple catalystregenerations. The reaction conditions, averaged toluene conversion, andreaction products of mixed xylene, p-xylene, and C₉₊ aromatics for freshand regenerated catalyst are shown in Table 4, where “catalyst regen”refers to regenerated catalyst.

TABLE 4 Extruded Product, Catalyst A g per g toluene convertedRegeneration Tol/ WHSV, GHSV, Mixed C₉₊ No. Run days T, ° C. P, psigMeOH h⁻¹ h⁻¹ X_(tol) xylene p-xylene Aromatics Fresh Catalyst 1-6 500 502.9 5.2 3200 21.6 1.02 0.86 0.12  1  9-49 500-570 50 2.9 5.1 3000 23.41.06 0.90 0.09  2  53-157 500-590 50 2.9 5.6 3400 21.4 1.08 0.96 0.07  3160-178 550-590 50 1.6 4.0 3000 32.7 1.07 0.92 0.09  4 200-215 600 501.6 4.0 3000 38.0 1.09 0.95 0.06  5 219-233 550 50 1.4 2.3 2500 38.51.08 0.91 0.07  6 240-248 550-590 50 1.9 5.9 3850 30.7 1.09 0.97 0.06  7251-265 550-590 50 1.9 5.9 3900 30.4 1.09 0.98 0.06  8 270-287 550-59050 1.5 4.0 2900 36.3 1.09 0.95 0.07  9 292-321 550-560 50 1.5 2.0 225039.1 1.08 0.91 0.08 10 326-356 550-570 50 1.5 2.5 2250 38.4 1.08 0.920.07 11 362-380 550-580 50 1.5 3.1 2350 38.3 1.08 0.92 0.08 12* 385-398550-600 50 41.8 1.16 0.96 0.09 13* 411-425 550-600 50 41.8 1.17 0.960.09 14 427-433 550-580 50 1.5 4.0 2800 35.5 1.11 0.94 0.08 15* 436-449550-600 50 41.7 1.16 0.96 0.09 16 452-458 550-580 50 1.5 4.0 2800 35.51.09 0.92 0.08 17 460-463 550-600 50 1.3 6.9 4000 32.9 1.09 0.95 0.08 18468-475 550-600 50 1.3 6.9 4100 34.9 1.09 0.95 0.08 19 479-486 550-60050 1.3 6.9 4100 34.1 1.09 0.95 0.08 20 490-497 550-600 50 1.3 6.9 410033.6 1.09 0.95 0.08 21 501-508 550-600 50 1.3 6.9 4100 33.4 1.09 0.950.08 22 512-525 550-600 50 1.5 4.0 2800 35.8 1.09 0.92 0.07 23 533-542550-600 50 1.5 4.0 2800 35.1 1.09 0.93 0.07 All data presented in tableare averaged during the period. X_(tol) = % toluene conversion, Tol/MeOH= toluene to methanol molar ratio, WHSV (h⁻¹) based on toluene andmethanol feed, C₉₊ Arom = C₉₊ aromatics, *Tested using toluene feedcontaining C₈₋₉ aromatics (mixed xylene, trimethylbenzene andethyltoluene)

The data from Table 4 is plotted in FIG. 3 to show the grams of p-xyleneper grams of toluene converted (diamonds), the grams of mixed xylene pergrams of toluene converted (triangles), the grams of C₉ produced pergrams of toluene converted (circles), and the toluene conversion(squares) with time on stream. FIG. 3 shows that the shape selectivecatalyst produced 1.04 to 1.17 g of mixed-xylene (of which 0.86 to 1.05g of p-xylene), and 0.05 to 0.12 g of C₉₊ (primarily trimethylbenzeneand ethyltoluene) per gram of toluene feed at toluene conversion of 22to 43% during about 540 days test run.

Examples 4-9

Examples 4-9 are simulations of the method of making mixed xylene usingthe process as illustrated in FIG. 1. The simulations were run on Aspen™Simulation Software, where the compositions of various streams aredescribed in Tables 5-10 for Examples 4-9, respectively, and where asummary of the simulations is shown in Table 11.

Example 4: Toluene Methylation (with No Transalkylation) UsingConditions for Low C₉₊ Production

An Aspen simulation was run on by setting the fresh toluene feed(toluene stream 3) to 49500 kg/h, the make-up water (water stream 7) to0 kg/h, the make-up hydrogen (hydrogen stream 1) to 1798 kg/h, and thefresh methanol feed (methanol stream 11) to 24951 kg/h. Toluene andmethanol feeds to alkylation reactor were 230794 kg/h and 26856 kg/h,respectively. Toluene conversion in the alkylation reactor was about21%, and the mixed xylene selectivity was about 96 mol %. The mixedxylene produced in the toluene alkylation reactor 32 was 1.12 kg per kgof toluene converted (p-isomer of mixed xylene was about 91%). Recoveryof toluene in unit 37 and mixed xylene in unit 39 was greater than99.9%. The purified toluene stream 24 was not routed to thetransalkylation reactor 38 as the transalkylation reactor was not usedin this simulation. The C₉ separation column 40 was also not used inthis simulation. The compositions of streams 1, 3, 10, 11, 16, 17, 19,20, 21, 25, and 26 are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Stream Name H₂ Toluene Methanol Alkylation Alkylated C₉ C₁₀₊ C₉₊Transalkylation Transalkylated C₈ Product Stream Stream Stream StreamStream Stream Stream Stream Stream Stream Stream Stream No 1 3 11 25 1020 21 16 26 17 19 Mass Flow kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/hkg/h kg/h H₂ 1798 0 0 17771 17747 0 0 0 0 0 0 H₂O 0 0 0 46159 60130 0 00 0 0 0 CH₄ 0 0 0 1617 1796 0 0 0 0 0 0 Methanol 0 0 24951 26856 2007 00 0 0 0 0 C₂H₄ 0 0 0 18818 20840 0 0 0 0 0 0 C₂H₆ 0 0 0 154 170 0 0 0 00 0 Propene 0 0 0 8478 9356 0 0 0 0 0 0 Propane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Butene 0 0 0 1061 1154 0 0 0 0 0 0 Benzene 0 0 0 149 151 0 0 0 0 0 0Toluene 0 49500 0 230794 181683 0 0 0 0 0 5 Ethylbenzene 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 o-xylene 0 0 0 12 1327 0 0 0 0 0 1315 m-xylene 0 0 0 570 3485 0 00 0 0 2914 p-xylene 0 0 0 93 50647 0 0 0 0 0 50545 1,2,4-trimethyl 0 0 00 1300 1299 0 0 0 0 1 benzene 1-methyl-4- 0 0 0 0 739 737 0 0 0 0 1ethylbenzene C₁₀ aromatics 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Example 5: Toluene Methylation with Transalkylation Using Conditions forLow C₉₊ Production; without Imported C₉₊

The Aspen simulation of Example 4 was run except that C₉₊ aromaticsproduced in the alkylation reactor was fed to the transalkylationreactor. Also, a portion of the purified toluene stream 24 as separatedtoluene stream 15 was routed to the transalkylation reactor 38 and theremaining portion was recycled as toluene recycle stream 6. Separatedtoluene stream 15 was combined with C₉ stream 20 as transalkylationstream 26. Fresh toluene feed (toluene stream 3) to 49500 kg/h, themake-up water (water stream 7) to 0 kg/h, the make-up hydrogen (hydrogenstream 1) to 1746 kg/h, and the fresh methanol feed (methanol stream 11)to 24226 kg/h. Toluene and methanol feeds to alkylation reactor were224082 kg/h and 26075 kg/h, respectively. Toluene conversion in thealkylation reactor was about 21% resulting in mixed xylene production of53191 kg/h (p-isomer of mixed xylene was about 91%). The C₉₊ aromaticsproduced (kg/h) were transalkylated with toluene producing additional3318 kg/h mixed xylene. The compositions of streams 1, 3, 10, 11, 16,17, 19, 20, 21, 25, and 26 are shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Stream Name H₂ Toluene Methanol Alkylation Alkylated C₉ C₁₀₊ C₉₊Transalkylation Transalkylated C₈ Stream Stream Stream Stream StreamStream Stream Stream Stream Stream Product Stream Stream No 1 3 11 25 1020 21 16 26 17 19 Mass Flow kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/hkg/h kg/h H₂ 1746 0 0 17254 17231 0 0 0 0 0 0 H₂O 0 0 0 44817 58381 0 00 2 2 0 CH₄ 0 0 0 1569 1744 0 0 0 0 0 0 Methanol 0 0 24226 26075 1949 00 0 2 2 0 C₂H₄ 0 0 0 18265 20228 0 0 0 5 5 0 C₂H₆ 0 0 0 149 165 0 0 0 00 0 Propene 0 0 0 8228 9080 0 0 0 5 5 0 Propane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Butene 0 0 0 1030 1119 0 0 0 2 2 0 Benzene 0 0 0 145 146 0 0 0 1 1 0Toluene 0 49500 0 224082 176400 0 0 0 1676 236 4 Ethylbenzene 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 o-xylene 0 0 0 13 1290 0 0 0 0 0 1277 m-xylene 0 0 0 6063436 0 0 0 6 6 2830 p-xylene 0 0 0 93 49176 0 0 0 0 3318 523931,2,4-trimethyl 0 0 0 0 1263 0 61 0 2995 1797 3 benzene 1-methyl-4- 0 00 0 717 0 35 0 1701 1020 2 ethylbenzene C₁₀ aromatics 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0

Example 6: Toluene Methylation with Transalkylation Using Conditions forLow C₉₊ Production; with Imported C₉₊ Stream

The Aspen simulation of Example 5 was run except additional C₉₊aromatics (C₉₊ stream 16) was imported and was fed to thetransalkylation reactor. Separated toluene stream 15 was combined withC₉ stream 20 as transalkylation stream 26. Fresh toluene feed (toluenestream 3) to 49500 kg/h, the make-up water (water stream 7) to 0 kg/h,the make-up hydrogen (hydrogen stream 1) to 1628 kg/h, and the freshmethanol feed (methanol stream 11) to 22588 kg/h. Toluene and methanolfeeds to alkylation reactor were 208932 kg/h and 24312 kg/h,respectively. Toluene conversion in the alkylation reactor was about 21%resulting in mixed xylene production of 49595 kg/h (p-isomer of mixedxylene was about 91%). The C₉₊ aromatics produced in the alkylationreactor and imported C₉₊ were transalkylated with toluene producingadditional 10801 kg/h mixed xylene. The compositions of streams 1, 3,10, 11, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 25, and 26 are shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Stream Name H₂ Toluene Methanol Alkylation Alkylated C₉ C₁₀₊ C₉₊Transalkylation Transalkylated C₈ Stream Stream Stream Stream StreamStream Stream Stream Stream Stream Product Stream Stream No 1 3 11 25 1020 21 16 26 17 19 Mass Flow kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/hkg/h kg/h H₂ 1628 0 0 16088 16066 0 0 0 0 0 0 H₂O 0 0 0 41787 54434 0 00 7 7 0 CH₄ 0 0 0 1464 1626 0 0 0 0 0 0 Methanol 0 0 22588 24312 1817 00 0 6 6 0 C₂H₄ 0 0 0 17037 18867 0 0 0 17 17 0 C₂H₆ 0 0 0 139 154 0 0 00 0 0 Propene 0 0 0 7675 8470 0 0 0 17 17 0 Propane 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 Butene 0 0 0 961 1045 0 0 0 7 7 0 Benzene 0 0 0 135 136 0 0 0 4 4 0Toluene 0 49500 0 208932 164474 0 0 0 5416 729 4 Ethylbenzene 0 0 0 0 00 0 25 25 25 25 o-xylene 0 0 0 15 1206 0 0 3 3 3 1193 m-xylene 0 0 0 6833322 0 0 3 26 26 2641 p-xylene 0 0 0 95 45860 0 0 20 21 10821 565771,2,4-trimethyl 0 0 0 0 1177 0 188 4500 13699 8220 9 benzene 1-methyl-4-0 0 0 0 669 0 32 0 1586 951 2 ethylbenzene C₁₀ aromatics 0 0 0 0 0 0 450450 450 450 0

Example 7: Toluene Methylation (with No Transalkylation) UsingConditions for Increased C₉₊ Production

The Aspen simulation was run on by setting the fresh toluene feed(toluene stream 3) to 49500 kg/h, the make-up water (water stream 7) 0kg/h, the make-up hydrogen (hydrogen stream 1) to 1123 kg/h, and thefresh methanol (methanol stream 11) 29290 kg/h. Toluene and methanolfeeds to alkylation reactor were 117973 kg/h and 31702 kg/h,respectively. Toluene conversion in the alkylation reactor was about 42%resulting in mixed xylene production of 52091 kg/h. The mixed xyleneproduced in the toluene alkylation reactor was 1.05 kg per kg tolueneconverted (p-isomer of mixed xylene was greater than 83%). The C₉₊aromatics produced in the alkylation reactor and the purified toluenestream 24 was not routed to the transalkylation reactor 38 as thetransalkylation reactor was not used in this simulation. The C₉separation column 40 was also not used in this simulation. Recovery oftoluene in unit 37 and mixed xylene in unit 39 was greater than 99.9%.The compositions of streams 1, 3, 10, 11, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 25, and 26are shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Stream Name H₂ Toluene Methanol Alkylation Alkylated C₉ C₁₀₊ C₉₊Transalkylation Transalkylated C₈ Stream Stream Stream Stream StreamStream Stream Stream Stream Stream Product Stream Stream No 1 3 11 25 1020 21 16 26 17 19 Mass Flow kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/hkg/h kg/h H₂ 1123 0 0 10360 10265 0 0 0 0 0 0 H₂O 0 0 0 29986 46450 0 00 0 0 0 CH₄ 0 0 0 1413 1571 0 0 0 0 0 0 Methanol 0 0 29290 31702 2419 00 0 0 0 0 C₂H₄ 0 0 0 10572 11675 0 0 0 0 0 0 C₂H₆ 0 0 0 1622 1788 0 0 00 0 0 Propene 0 0 0 6332 6915 0 0 0 0 0 0 Propane 0 0 0 16238 17647 0 00 0 0 0 Butene 0 0 0 27238 28587 0 0 0 0 0 0 Benzene 0 0 0 11356 11404 00 0 0 0 0 Toluene 0 49500 0 117973 68531 0 0 0 0 0 12 Ethylbenzene 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o-xylene 0 0 0 114 3071 7 0 0 0 0 2950 m-xylene 0 0 0475 6152 2 0 0 0 0 5675 p-xylene 0 0 0 2345 45802 10 0 0 0 0 434441,2,4-trimethyl 0 0 0 48 3624 3576 0 0 0 0 0 benzene 1-methyl-4- 0 0 0208 2080 1854 0 0 0 0 18 ethylbenzene C₁₀ aromatics 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00

Example 8: Toluene Methylation with Transalkylation Using Conditions forIncreased C₉₊ Production; without Imported C₉₊

The Aspen simulation of Example 7 was run except that separated toluenestream 15 (which is fraction of toluene stream 24) was routed to thetransalkylation reactor 38. The C₉ aromatics (C₉ stream 20) produced intoluene methylation reactor was added to the transalkylation reactor 38.The simulation was run with fresh toluene feed (toluene stream 3) 49500kg/h, the make-up water (water stream 7) 0 kg/h, the make-up hydrogen(hydrogen stream 1) 1038 kg/h, and the fresh methanol feed (methanolstream 11) 27076 kg/h. Toluene and methanol feeds to alkylation reactorwere 109056 kg/h and 29306 kg/h, respectively. Toluene conversion in thealkylation reactor was about 42% resulting in mixed xylene production of48154 kg/h (p-isomer of mixed xylene was about 83%). The C₉₊ aromaticsproduced (kg/h) were transalkylated with toluene producing additional8618 kg/h mixed xylene. The compositions of streams 1, 3, 10, 11, 16,17, 19, 20, 21, 25, and 26 are shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Stream Name H₂ Toluene Methanol Alkylation Alkylated C₉ C₁₀₊ C₉₊Transalkylation Transalkylated C₈ Stream Stream Stream Stream StreamStream Stream Stream Stream Stream Product Stream Stream No 1 3 11 25 1020 21 16 26 17 19 Mass Flow kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/hkg/h kg/h H₂ 1038 0 0 9577 9489 0 0 0 0 0 0 H₂O 0 0 0 27719 42939 0 0 029 29 0 CH₄ 0 0 0 1306 1451 0 0 0 0 0 0 Methanol 0 0 27076 29306 2236 00 0 22 22 0 C₂H₄ 0 0 0 9773 10793 0 0 0 15 15 0 C₂H₆ 0 0 0 1500 1653 0 00 3 3 0 Propene 0 0 0 5854 6392 0 0 0 21 21 0 Propane 0 0 0 15040 163430 0 0 66 66 0 Butene 0 0 0 25396 26643 0 0 0 302 302 0 Benzene 0 0 011242 11286 0 0 0 634 634 0 Toluene 0 49500 0 109056 63351 0 0 0 4194454 14 Ethylbenzene 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o-xylene 0 0 0 104 2838 0 0 011 11 2734 m-xylene 0 0 0 393 5641 0 0 0 12 12 5248 p-xylene 0 0 0 215442326 0 0 0 25 8643 48788 1,2,4-trimethyl 0 0 0 44 3350 1 113 0 79794788 0 benzene 1-methyl-4- 0 0 0 191 1922 0 10 0 4216 2530 34ethylbenzene C₁₀ aromatics 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Example 9: Toluene Methylation with Transalkylation Using Conditions forIncreased C₉₊ Production; with Imported C₉₊ Stream

The Aspen simulation of Example 8 was run except that additional C₉₊aromatics (C₉₊ stream 16) was imported and was added to transalkylationstream 26 and fed to transalkylation reactor 38. Simulation was run withfresh toluene feed (toluene stream 3) 49500 kg/h, the make-up water(water stream 7) 0 kg/h, the make-up hydrogen (hydrogen stream 1) 972kg/h, and the fresh methanol feed (methanol stream 11) 25370 kg/h.Toluene and methanol feeds to alkylation reactor were 102185 kg/h and27459 kg/h, respectively. Toluene conversion in the alkylation reactorwas about 42% resulting in mixed xylene production of 45120 kg/h(p-isomer of mixed xylene was about 83%). The C₉₊ aromatics produced inthe alkylation reactor and imported C₉₊ were transalkylated with tolueneproducing additional 15253 kg/h mixed xylene. The compositions ofstreams 1, 3, 10, 11, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 25, and 26 are shown in Table10.

TABLE 10 Stream Name H₂ Toluene Methanol Alkylation Alkylated C₉ C₁₀₊C₉₊ Transalkylation Transalkylated C₈ Stream Stream Stream Stream StreamStream Stream Stream Stream Stream Product Stream Stream No 1 3 11 25 1020 21 16 26 17 19 Mass Flow kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/h kg/hkg/h kg/h H₂ 972 0 0 8974 8891 0 0 0 0 0 0 H₂O 0 0 0 25973 40233 0 0 058 58 0 CH₄ 0 0 0 1224 1360 0 0 0 0 0 0 Methanol 0 0 25370 27459 2095 00 0 43 43 0 C₂H₄ 0 0 0 9152 10108 0 0 0 30 30 0 C₂H₆ 0 0 0 1404 1548 0 00 5 5 0 Propene 0 0 0 5483 5988 0 0 0 42 42 0 Propane 0 0 0 14074 152950 0 0 130 130 0 Butene 0 0 0 23735 24904 0 0 0 600 600 0 Benzene 0 0 010494 10535 0 0 0 1258 1258 0 Toluene 0 49500 0 102185 59360 0 0 0 78091190 16 Ethylbenzene 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 25 25 25 o-xylene 0 0 0 98 2659 00 3 13 13 2564 m-xylene 0 0 0 344 5261 0 0 3 19 19 4919 p-xylene 0 0 02016 39657 0 0 20 53 15306 52912 1,2,4-trimethyl 0 0 0 41 3139 1 5194500 17692 10615 1 benzene 1-methyl-4- 0 0 0 179 1801 0 29 0 3893 233636 ethylbenzene C₁₀ aromatics 0 0 0 0 0 0 450 450 821 821 0

A comparison of Examples 4-9 is shown in Table 11 below. Examples 4, 5,and 6 resulted in lower toluene conversion than the Examples 7, 8 and 9.In general, the lower toluene conversion resulted in increasedselectivities of both mixed xylene and p-xylene. In order to maintainthe comparable production rate for mixed xylene and p-xylene at lowertoluene conversions, the size and the capital investment (“capitalexpenditure”, also known as “CAPEX”) for the reactors and separationunits will be significantly higher than those at the higher tolueneconversions (compare Examples 4-6 with 7-9). Combining toluenealkylation with transalkylation results in higher internal rate ofreturn (IRR) due to lower production cost and capital cost (compareExamples 4 and 5 or 6, and Examples 7 and 8 or 9, see Table 11). Thebenefit of integration of alkylation with transalkylation isparticularly significant for increased toluene conversion cases whereincreased amounts of C₉₊ aromatics are formed.

TABLE 11 Example 4 5 6 7 8 9 Transalkylation unit no yes yes no yes yesfresh toluene feed (kg/h) 49500 49500 49500 49500 49500 49500 freshmethanol feed (kg/h) 24951 24226 22588 29290 27076 25370 % tolueneconversion in alkylation reactor 21.3 21.3 21.3 41.9 41.9 41.9 mol %mixed xylene selectivity for 96.4 96.4 96.4 90.4 90.4 90.4 catalyst inalkylation reactor imported C₉₊ aromatics (kg/h) 0 0 5000 0 0 5000 mixedxylene in stream 19 (kg/h) 54774 56500 60411 52070 56770 60395 p-xylenein stream 19 (kg/h) 50545 52393 56577 43444 48788 52912 mol % p-xylenesin mixed xylene 91.3 91.2 91.0 83.2 83.3 83.4 production cost, $/kgmixed xylene 1.36 1.32 1.31 1.43 1.30 1.30 CAPEX ($MM) 192 196 196 134140 140 IRR (%) 23 24 24 28 33 33

Set forth below are examples of the method disclosed here.

Embodiment 1

A method of producing a purified mixed xylene comprising: introducingtoluene and methanol to an alkylation reactor; reacting the toluene andthe methanol in the alkylation reactor to form a hydrocarbon streamcomprising a first mixed xylene, wherein the alkylation reactorcomprises an alkylation catalyst; separating the hydrocarbon stream intoa toluene stream and a separated C₈₊ stream; introducing the toluenestream to a transalkylation reactor with a transalkylation catalyst toproduce a transalkylated stream comprising a second mixed xylene; addingthe transalkylated stream to the hydrocarbon stream; and separating a C₈product stream comprising the purified mixed xylene from the separatedC₈₊ stream.

Embodiment 2

A method of producing a purified mixed xylene comprising: introducing atoluene stream and methanol to an alkylation reactor, wherein thetoluene stream comprises toluene and 0 wt % to 30 wt % of C₉₊ aromatics,based upon a total weight of the toluene stream; reacting the tolueneand the methanol in the alkylation reactor to form a hydrocarbon streamcomprising a first mixed xylene, wherein the alkylation reactorcomprises an alkylation catalyst; separating the hydrocarbon stream intoa toluene stream and a separated C₈₊ stream; introducing the toluenestream to a transalkylation reactor with a transalkylation catalyst toproduce a transalkylated stream comprising a second mixed xylene; addingthe transalkylated stream to the hydrocarbon stream; and separating a C₈product stream comprising the purified mixed xylene from the separatedC₈₊ stream.

Embodiment 3

The method of any of Embodiments 1-2, wherein the alkylation catalystcomprises a phosphorus containing, medium pore, pentasil zeolite havinga silica/alumina ratio of greater than or equal to 200.

Embodiment 4

The method of Embodiment 3, wherein the phosphorus is present in anamount of 0.01 to 0.15 g per gram of zeolite.

Embodiment 5

The method of any of Embodiments 1-4, wherein the toluene is introducedto the alkylation reactor via a toluene stream comprising 1 wt % to 30wt % of C₉₊ aromatics, based upon the total weight of the toluenestream.

Embodiment 6

The method of Embodiment 5, wherein the toluene stream comprises 5 wt %to 30 wt % of C₉₊ aromatics.

Embodiment 7

The method of Embodiment 6, wherein the toluene stream comprises 10 wt %to 30 wt % of C₉₊ aromatics.

Embodiment 8

The method of any of Embodiments 1-7, wherein the purified mixed xylenecomprises greater than or equal to 85 wt % p-xylene based on the totalamount of mixed xylene.

Embodiment 9

The method of any of Embodiments 1-8, wherein the alkylation catalysthas a selectivity for para-xylene of greater than or equal to 80 mol %.

Embodiment 10

The method of any of Embodiments 1-8, wherein the alkylation catalysthas a selectivity for para-xylene of less than or equal to 75 mol %.

Embodiment 11

The method of any of Embodiments 1-10, further comprising separating theC₈₊ stream in a xylene column into the C₈ product stream and a separatedC₉₊ stream.

Embodiment 12

The method of Embodiment 11, further comprising separating the separatedC₉₊ stream in a C₉ separation column into a C₉ stream and a C₁₀₊ stream;and introducing the C₉ stream to the transalkylation reactor.

Embodiment 13

The method of any of Embodiments 1-12, further comprising introducing aC₉₊ stream to the transalkylation reactor.

Embodiment 14

The method of any of Embodiments 1-13, wherein greater than or equal to0.05 g of C₉₊ aromatics per gram of toluene converted is produced in thealkylation reactor.

In general, the disclosure may alternately comprise, consist of, orconsist essentially of, any appropriate components herein disclosed. Thedisclosure may additionally, or alternatively, be formulated so as to bedevoid, or substantially free, of any components, materials,ingredients, adjuvants or species used in the prior art compositions orthat are otherwise not necessary to the achievement of the functionand/or objectives of the present disclosure.

All ranges disclosed herein are inclusive of the endpoints, and theendpoints are independently combinable with each other (e.g., ranges of“up to 25 wt %, or, more specifically, 5 to 20 wt %”, is inclusive ofthe endpoints and all intermediate values of the ranges of “5 to 25 wt%,” etc.). “Combination” is inclusive of blends, mixtures, alloys,reaction products, and the like. Furthermore, the terms “first,”“second,” and the like, herein do not denote any order, quantity, orimportance, but rather are used to denote one element from another. Theterms “a” and “an” and “the” herein do not denote a limitation ofquantity, and are to be construed to cover both the singular and theplural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted bycontext. The suffix “(s)” as used herein is intended to include both thesingular and the plural of the term that it modifies, thereby includingone or more of that term (e.g., the catalyst(s) includes one or morecatalysts). Reference throughout the specification to “one embodiment,”“another embodiment,” “an embodiment,” and so forth, means that aparticular element (e.g., feature, structure, and/or characteristic)described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least oneembodiment described herein, and may or may not be present in otherembodiments. In addition, it is to be understood that the describedelements may be combined in any suitable manner in the variousembodiments.

While particular embodiments have been described, alternatives,modifications, variations, improvements, and substantial equivalentsthat are or may be presently unforeseen may arise to applicants orothers skilled in the art. Accordingly, the appended claims as filed andas they may be amended are intended to embrace all such alternatives,modifications variations, improvements, and substantial equivalents.

All references cited in the above disclosure are incorporated herein intheir entirety.

We claim:
 1. A method of producing a purified mixed xylene comprising:introducing toluene and methanol to an alkylation reactor; reacting thetoluene and the methanol in the alkylation reactor to form a hydrocarbonstream comprising a first mixed xylene, wherein the alkylation reactorcomprises an alkylation catalyst; separating the hydrocarbon stream intoa toluene stream and a separated C₈₊ stream; introducing the toluenestream to a transalkylation reactor with a transalkylation catalyst toproduce a transalkylated stream comprising a second mixed xylene; addingthe transalkylated stream to the hydrocarbon stream; and separating a C₈product stream comprising the purified mixed xylene from the separatedC₈₊ stream; wherein greater than or equal to 0.05 g of C₉₊ aromatics pergram of toluene converted is produced in the alkylation reactor.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the alkylation catalyst comprises aphosphorus containing, medium pore, pentasil zeolite having asilica/alumina ratio of greater than or equal to
 200. 3. The method ofclaim 2, wherein the phosphorus is present in an amount of 0.01 to 0.15g per gram of zeolite.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the phosphorusis present in an amount of 0.07 to 0.15 g per gram of zeolite.
 5. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the alkylation catalyst has a selectivity forpara-xylene of greater than or equal to 80 mol %.
 6. The method of claim1, further comprising separating the C₈₊ stream in a xylene column intothe C₈ product stream and a separated C₉₊ stream.
 7. The method of claim6, further comprising separating the separated C₉₊ stream in a C₉separation column into a C₉ stream and a C₁₀₊ stream; and introducingthe C₉ stream to the transalkylation reactor.
 8. The method of claim 1,further comprising introducing a C₉₊ stream to the transalkylationreactor.
 9. A method of producing a purified mixed xylene comprising:introducing toluene and methanol to an alkylation reactor; reacting thetoluene and the methanol in the alkylation reactor to form a hydrocarbonstream comprising a first mixed xylene, wherein the alkylation reactorcomprises an alkylation catalyst; separating the hydrocarbon stream intoa toluene stream and a separated C₈₊ stream; introducing the toluenestream to a transalkylation reactor with a transalkylation catalyst toproduce a transalkylated stream comprising a second mixed xylene; addingthe transalkylated stream to the hydrocarbon stream; and separating a C₈product stream comprising the purified mixed xylene from the separatedC₈₊ stream; wherein the purified mixed xylene comprises greater than orequal to 85 wt % p-xylene based on the total amount of mixed xylene. 10.A method of producing a purified mixed xylene comprising: introducingtoluene and methanol to an alkylation reactor; reacting the toluene andthe methanol in the alkylation reactor to form a hydrocarbon streamcomprising a first mixed xylene, wherein the alkylation reactorcomprises an alkylation catalyst; separating the hydrocarbon stream intoa toluene stream and a separated C₈₊ stream; introducing the toluenestream to a transalkylation reactor with a transalkylation catalyst toproduce a transalkylated stream comprising a second mixed xylene; addingthe transalkylated stream to the hydrocarbon stream; and separating a C₈product stream comprising the purified mixed xylene from the separatedC₈₊ stream; wherein the alkylation catalyst has a selectivity forpara-xylene of less than or equal to 75 mol %.